Glycosylation plays not only a functional role but can also modify the biophysical properties of the modified protein. Usually, natural glycosylation results in protein stabilization; however, in vitro and in silico studies showed that sometimes glycosylation results in thermodynamic destabilization. Here, we applied coarse-grained and all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to understand the mechanism underlying the loss of stability of the MM1 protein by glycosylation. We show that the origin of the destabilization is a conformational distortion of the protein caused by the interaction of the monosaccharide with the protein surface. Though glycosylation creates new short-range glycan-protein interactions that stabilize the conjugated protein, it breaks long-range protein-protein interactions. This has a destabilizing effect because the probability of long- and short-range interactions forming differs between the folded and unfolded states. The destabilization originates not from simple loss of interactions but due to a trade-off between the short- and long-range interactions.
Keywords: Protein folding; coarse-grained model; protein glycosylation; protein modifications; unfolded state.