Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by repetitive collapse of the upper airway (UA) during sleep and is associated with chronic intermittent hypoxemia, catecholamine surges, and sleep disrupt. Multiple pathophysiological risk factors have been identified and contribute to OSA, including anatomical abnormalities (elevated UA mechanical load), compromised UA dilators, increased loop gain (unstable respiratory control), and decreased arousal threshold. These factors may contribute to the pathophysiology of sleep apnea in different individuals and recent evidence suggests that treatment may be targeted towards underlying pathophysiological mechanism. In some cases, combination therapy may be required to treat the condition.
Keywords: Airway; Apnea; Lung; Muscle; Sleep.
Copyright © 2015 The Japanese Respiratory Society. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.