Abstract
The advent of immunotherapy has recently expanded the therapeutic options in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In these patients, the recent efficacy demonstration of antibodies against immune checkpoints: the anti-programmed death-1 (PD-1) and anti-programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1), has led to approval of nivolumab and pembrolizumab (anti-PD-1) in the treatment of advanced NSCLC. The mechanism of action of checkpoint inhibitors explains the development of autoimmune diseases as a side-effect of these medications. Among these, a spectrum of endocrine disorders has been also reported. This manuscript focuses particularly on endocrine disorders induced by immuno-checkpoint inhibitors employed in NSCLC, in order to suggest the strategies for their diagnosis and effective management.
Keywords:
CTLA-4; NSCLC; PD-1; PD-L1; endocrine toxicities; immunotherapy.
MeSH terms
-
Antibodies, Monoclonal / adverse effects
-
Antibodies, Monoclonal / pharmacology
-
Antibodies, Monoclonal / therapeutic use
-
Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / adverse effects
-
Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / pharmacology
-
Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / therapeutic use
-
Antineoplastic Agents / adverse effects*
-
Antineoplastic Agents / pharmacology
-
Antineoplastic Agents / therapeutic use
-
B7-H1 Antigen / antagonists & inhibitors
-
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / drug therapy
-
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / immunology
-
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / pathology
-
Endocrine System Diseases / chemically induced*
-
Endocrine System Diseases / diagnosis
-
Endocrine System Diseases / therapy
-
Humans
-
Immunotherapy / adverse effects*
-
Immunotherapy / methods
-
Lung Neoplasms / drug therapy
-
Lung Neoplasms / immunology
-
Lung Neoplasms / pathology
-
Nivolumab
-
Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / antagonists & inhibitors
Substances
-
Antibodies, Monoclonal
-
Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
-
Antineoplastic Agents
-
B7-H1 Antigen
-
CD274 protein, human
-
Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
-
Nivolumab
-
pembrolizumab