Statistical Mechanics of the Human Placenta: A Stationary State of a Near-Equilibrium System in a Linear Regime

PLoS One. 2015 Nov 16;10(11):e0142471. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142471. eCollection 2015.

Abstract

All near-equilibrium systems under linear regime evolve to stationary states in which there is constant entropy production rate. In an open chemical system that exchanges matter and energy with the exterior, we can identify both the energy and entropy flows associated with the exchange of matter and energy. This can be achieved by applying statistical mechanics (SM), which links the microscopic properties of a system to its bulk properties. In the case of contractile tissues such as human placenta, Huxley's equations offer a phenomenological formalism for applying SM. SM was investigated in human placental stem villi (PSV) (n = 40). PSV were stimulated by means of KCl exposure (n = 20) and tetanic electrical stimulation (n = 20). This made it possible to determine statistical entropy (S), internal energy (E), affinity (A), thermodynamic force (A / T) (T: temperature), thermodynamic flow (v) and entropy production rate (A / T x v). We found that PSV operated near equilibrium, i.e., A ≺≺ 2500 J/mol and in a stationary linear regime, i.e., (A / T) varied linearly with v. As v was dramatically low, entropy production rate which quantified irreversibility of chemical processes appeared to be the lowest ever observed in any contractile system.

MeSH terms

  • Chorionic Villi / physiology*
  • Electric Stimulation
  • Electromagnetic Fields
  • Entropy
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Linear Models
  • Models, Statistical
  • Muscle Contraction
  • Muscle, Smooth / physiology
  • Muscle, Striated / physiology
  • Placenta / physiology*
  • Pregnancy
  • Probability
  • Temperature
  • Thermodynamics

Grants and funding

The authors obtained the use of laboratory facilities from the Clinical Research Center of Meaux Hospital, France. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.