Introduction: Urinary tract infection (UTI), especially recurrent UTI, is a common problem, occurring in >75% of kidney transplant (KTX) recipients. UTI degrades the health-related quality of life and can impair graft function, potentially reducing graft and patient survival. As urologists are often involved in treating UTI after KTX, previous reports were searched to elucidate underlying causes, risk factors and treatment options, as well as recommendations for prophylaxis of UTI after KTX.
Methods: Pubmed/Medline was searched and international guidelines and recommendations for prevention and treatment of UTI after KTX were also assessed.
Results: Most studies on UTI after KTX have a small sample, and are descriptive and retrospective. Many transplant- and recipient-related risk factors have been identified. While asymptomatic bacteriuria is often treated, even though some studies advise against it, symptomatic UTI should be treated empirically after collecting urine for microbiological analysis, to avoid the development of transplant pyelonephritis with a high chance of urosepsis. The duration of treatment has not been determined in studies and recommendations refer to the treatment of complicated UTI in the non-transplant population. Prophylaxis has not been the focus of studies either.
Conclusion: UTI after KTX is still largely an under-represented field of study, despite many recipients developing UTI after KTX. Prospective studies on this topic are urgently needed.
Keywords: ABU, asymptomatic bacteriuria; CMV, cytomegalovirus; EAU, European Association of Urology; KTX, kidney transplantation; Outcome; Renal transplantation; SMZ, sulfamethoxazole; TMP, trimethoprim; Treatment; Urinary tract infection.