Global Spread of Human Chromoblastomycosis Is Driven by Recombinant Cladophialophora carrionii and Predominantly Clonal Fonsecaea Species

Shuwen Deng; Clement K M Tsui; A H G Gerrits van den Ende; Liyue Yang; Mohammad Javad Najafzadeh; Hamid Badali; Ruoyu Li; Ferry Hagen; Jacques F Meis; Jiufeng Sun; Somayeh Dolatabadi; Bernard Papierok; Weihua Pan; G S de Hoog; Wanqing Liao

doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004004

Global Spread of Human Chromoblastomycosis Is Driven by Recombinant Cladophialophora carrionii and Predominantly Clonal Fonsecaea Species

PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015 Oct 23;9(10):e0004004. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004004. eCollection 2015.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Shanghai Institute of Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China; First Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China; CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
² British Columbia Public Health Microbiology & Reference Laboratory at BCCDC site, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, Canada.
³ CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
⁴ Department of Parasitology and Mycology & Cancer Molecular Pathology Research Center, Ghaem Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
⁵ Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology / Invasive Fungi Research Center (IFRC), School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
⁶ Research Center for Medical Mycology, Beijing Medical University, Beijing, China.
⁷ Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
⁸ Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
⁹ Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China.
¹⁰ CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.
¹¹ Institute Pasteur, Paris, France.
¹² Shanghai Institute of Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China.
¹³ Shanghai Institute of Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China; CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Research Center for Medical Mycology, Beijing Medical University, Beijing, China; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran; King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Abstract

Global distribution patterns of Cladophialophora carrionii, agent of human chromoblastomycosis in arid climates of Africa, Asia, Australia, Central-and South-America, were compared with similar data of the vicarious Fonsecaea spp., agents of the disease in tropical rain forests. Population diversities among 73 C. carrionii strains and 60 strains of three Fonsecaea species were analyzed for rDNA ITS, partial β-tubulin, and amplified fragment-length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprints. Populations differed significantly between continents. Lowest haplotype diversity was found in South American populations, while African strains were the most diverse. Gene flow was noted between the African population and all other continents. The general pattern of Fonsecaea agents of chromoblastomycosis differed significantly from that of C. carrionii and revealed deeper divergence among three differentiated species with smaller numbers of haplotypes, indicating a longer evolutionary history.

Publication types

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis
Ascomycota / classification
Ascomycota / genetics
Ascomycota / isolation & purification*
Chromoblastomycosis / epidemiology*
DNA, Fungal / chemistry
DNA, Fungal / genetics
DNA, Ribosomal Spacer / chemistry
DNA, Ribosomal Spacer / genetics
Desert Climate
Gene Flow
Genetic Variation*
Genotype
Global Health
Haplotypes
Humans
Tropical Climate
Tubulin / genetics

Substances

DNA, Fungal
DNA, Ribosomal Spacer
Tubulin

Grants and funding

This study was supported by grants from the China National Science Fund (No.81260236), and partially by program 973 (No.2013CB531601) from China National Basic Research Program, and The Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (No.14DZ2272900). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.