Adoptive parenting and attachment: association of the internal working models between adoptive mothers and their late-adopted children during adolescence

Cecilia S Pace; Simona Di Folco; Viviana Guerriero; Alessandra Santona; Grazia Terrone

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01433

Adoptive parenting and attachment: association of the internal working models between adoptive mothers and their late-adopted children during adolescence

Front Psychol. 2015 Sep 23:6:1433. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01433. eCollection 2015.

Authors

Cecilia S Pace¹, Simona Di Folco², Viviana Guerriero³, Alessandra Santona⁴, Grazia Terrone⁵

Affiliations

¹ Department of Educational Sciences, University of Genoa Genoa, Italy.
² Department of Pedagogy, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari Cagliari, Italy.
³ Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy.
⁴ Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano Italy.
⁵ Department of Humanities, Literature, Cultural Heritage, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy.

Abstract

Introduction: Recent literature has shown that the good outcome of adoption would mostly depend on the quality of adoptive parenting, which is strongly associated with the security of parental internal working models (IWMs) of attachment. Specifically, attachment states-of-mind of adoptive mothers classified as free and autonomous and without lack of resolution of loss or trauma could represent a good protective factor for adopted children, previously maltreated and neglected. While most research on adoptive families focused on pre-school and school-aged children, the aim of this study was to assess the concordance of IWMs of attachment in adoptive dyads during adolescence.

Method: Our pilot-study involved 76 participants: 30 adoptive mothers (mean age = 51.5 ± 4.3), and their 46 late-adopted adolescents (mean age = 13.9 ± 1.6), who were all aged 4-9 years old at time of adoption (mean age = 6.3 ± 1.5). Attachment representations of adopted adolescents were assessed by the Friend and Family Interview (FFI), while adoptive mothers' state-of-mind with respect to attachment was classified by the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI). Adolescents' verbal intelligence was controlled for.

Results: Late-adopted adolescents were classified as follows: 67% secure, 26% dismissing, and 7% preoccupied in the FFI, while their adoptive mothers' AAI classifications were 70% free-autonomous, 7% dismissing, and 23% unresolved. We found a significant concordance of 70% (32 dyads) between the secure-insecure FFI and AAI classifications. Specifically adoptive mothers with high coherence of transcript and low unresolved loss tend to have late-adopted children with high secure attachment, even if the adolescents' verbal intelligence made a significant contribution to this prediction.

Discussion: Our results provides an empirical contribution to the literature concerning the concordance of attachment in adoptive dyads, highlighting the beneficial impact of highly coherent states-of-mind of adoptive mothers on the attachment representations of their late-adopted adolescent children.

Keywords: Friend and Family Interview; adolescence; adoption; attachment; internal working models (IWMs).