Abstract
Basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) are the most frequent human cancer. Over 90% of all BCCs have a mutation in PTCH1 or smoothened, two conducting proteins of the Hedgehog pathway. They rarely progress deeply and metastasize; however, if they do, these advanced basal cell carcinoma become amenable to treatment by inhibiting the Hedgehog and the P13K-mTOR pathways. Such innovative drugs include vismodegib, cyclopamine, itraconazole, everolimus and a few other agents that are in early clinical development.
Keywords:
Desert Hedgehog; EGF; Hedgehog; Indian Hedgehog; NF-κB; PTCH1; SMO; Sonic Hedgehog; TGF; basal cell carcinoma; cancer stem cell; cyclopamine; cytotoxic chemotherapy; everolimus; hereditary basal cell nevus syndrome; itraconazole; metastasis; protein kinase; therapy resistance; vismodegib.
MeSH terms
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Anilides / pharmacology
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Anilides / therapeutic use
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Carcinoma, Basal Cell / drug therapy*
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Carcinoma, Basal Cell / metabolism
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Carcinoma, Basal Cell / pathology
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Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
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Everolimus / pharmacology
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Everolimus / therapeutic use
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Hedgehog Proteins / antagonists & inhibitors*
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Hedgehog Proteins / metabolism
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Humans
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Itraconazole / pharmacology
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Itraconazole / therapeutic use
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Molecular Targeted Therapy*
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Neoplasm Staging
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Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / metabolism
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Pyridines / pharmacology
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Pyridines / therapeutic use
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Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / antagonists & inhibitors
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Signal Transduction / drug effects
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Skin Neoplasms / drug therapy*
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Skin Neoplasms / metabolism
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Skin Neoplasms / pathology
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Smoothened Receptor
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TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases / antagonists & inhibitors*
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TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases / metabolism
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Veratrum Alkaloids / pharmacology
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Veratrum Alkaloids / therapeutic use
Substances
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Anilides
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Hedgehog Proteins
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HhAntag691
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Pyridines
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Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
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SMO protein, human
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Smoothened Receptor
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Veratrum Alkaloids
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Itraconazole
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Everolimus
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TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
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cyclopamine