Need for optimized immunosuppression in elderly kidney transplant recipients

Abstract

The proportion of elderly kidney transplant candidates is increasing worldwide due to higher number of patients with end-stage renal disease in aging societies.

Allocation: Accordingly, organ allocation policies in this population were adjusted in several countries. The European Senior Program is the most prominent example, where elderly patients (≥65years) receive elderly (≥65years) donor organs with acceptable results.

Immunosenescence: Because of age-dependent changes in the immune response and higher susceptibility to immunosuppressant side effects, outcomes in elderly patients are different compared to younger kidney transplant recipients. However, elderly patients do reject, especially poorly matched elderly donor organs. This warrants tailored immunosuppressive regimes with regard to the age-related changes of the immune system.

Side effects: Rejection therapies may have detrimental side effects in the seniors and are frequently leading to over-immunosuppression (malignancy and infections) in long-term therapy. It is hypothesized that after initial graft adaptation elderly patients may benefit from less immunosuppression in order to lower cancer risk and reduce infection rates and cardiovascular comorbidities.

Lack of data: Current evidence on recommended standard immunosuppressive therapy was mainly derived from trials, where elderly patients were excluded or only a minority. In order to improve immunosuppressive therapy in elderly transplant recipients, current immunosuppressive regimes have to be re-investigated in this growing population. Up to date, only a few well-designed prospective studies were performed in elderly populations and demonstrate the need for effective immunosuppression in the first months after transplantation.

Conclusion: It is evident that novel treatment strategies and adequately powered prospective clinical trials are needed to establish time-adapted immunosuppressive regimens according to the needs of this vulnerable group of kidney transplant recipients.