Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is commonly used to treat hematopoietic system malignant diseases. Iron overload, which is one of the most common complications in patients undergoing BMT, has a negative impact on survival after allogeneic transplantation. Better understanding of molecular mechanisms of iron overload can improve the treatment regime and improve the efficiency for iron-chelating therapy. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of iron overload in various conditions and the progression of iron-chelating strategies in patients undergoing BMT. This review will provide insights into the prevention and treatment of patients with iron overload after BMT.