The transgenic cotton expressing chitinase and glucanase genes was studied using nontransgenic cotton as a control. Specifically, the effects of exogenous genes on bacterial community diversity in rhizospheres of cotton at stages of seedling, budding, boll forming and boll opening were evaluated through comparing the number of cultivable bacteria and analyzing 16S rRNA gene clone libraries. The results showed that the number of cultivable bacteria was not affected by exogenous genes but the cotton growth period, and the number peaked at the stage of boll forming with vigorous metabolism. The 16S rRNA gene clone library prepared from soil bacteria in rhizospheres of transgenic and nontransgenic cotton at different stages contained 2400 clones which covered 283 genera. Among them, Acidobacterium was the most dominant group which contained 642 clones, followed by unclassified bacterium and Flavisolibacter. Compared with nontransgenic cotton, the rhizosphere bacterial diversity of transgenic cotton exhibited lower level at the same growth stage, however, their common bacterial communities increased with growth and development. Our results suggest that chitinase and glucanase genes decrease the rhizosphere bacterial diversity at distinct degrees, however, the difference of bacterial diversity between transgenic and nontransgenic cotton reduces gradually with the extension of cultivation period.