Temperate forest and open landscapes are distinct alternative states as reflected in canopy height and tree cover

Affiliations

• ¹ School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, NL-6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
• ² Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, NL-6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
• ³ Systems Ecology, Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
• ⁴ Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate research, Atmospheric Environmental Research, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany.
• ⁵ Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, NL-6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
• ⁶ Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, NL-6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
• ⁷ Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, NL-6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands. Electronic address: marten.scheffer@wur.nl.