Animal Ownership and Touching Enrich the Context of Social Contacts Relevant to the Spread of Human Infectious Diseases

PLoS One. 2015 Jul 20;10(7):e0133461. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133461. eCollection 2015.

Abstract

Many human infectious diseases originate from animals or are transmitted through animal vectors. We aimed to identify factors that are predictive of ownership and touching of animals, assess whether animal ownership influences social contact behavior, and estimate the probability of a major zoonotic outbreak should a transmissible influenza-like pathogen be present in animals, all in the setting of a densely populated European country. A diary-based social contact survey (n = 1768) was conducted in Flanders, Belgium, from September 2010 until February 2011. Many participants touched pets (46%), poultry (2%) or livestock (2%) on a randomly assigned day, and a large proportion of participants owned such animals (51%, 15% and 5%, respectively). Logistic regression models indicated that larger households are more likely to own an animal and, unsurprisingly, that animal owners are more likely to touch animals. We observed a significant effect of age on animal ownership and touching. The total number of social contacts during a randomly assigned day was modeled using weighted-negative binomial regression. Apart from age, household size and day type (weekend versus weekday and regular versus holiday period), animal ownership was positively associated with the total number of social contacts during the weekend. Assuming that animal ownership and/or touching are at-risk events, we demonstrate a method to estimate the outbreak potential of zoonoses. We show that in Belgium animal-human interactions involving young children (0-9 years) and adults (25-54 years) have the highest potential to cause a major zoonotic outbreak.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Adolescent
  • Adult
  • Aged
  • Animals
  • Belgium / epidemiology
  • Child
  • Child, Preschool
  • Communicable Diseases / epidemiology
  • Communicable Diseases / transmission*
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Infant
  • Infant, Newborn
  • Livestock
  • Logistic Models
  • Male
  • Middle Aged
  • Ownership / statistics & numerical data*
  • Pets*
  • Population Surveillance / methods
  • Poultry
  • Random Allocation
  • Social Behavior*
  • Young Adult
  • Zoonoses / epidemiology
  • Zoonoses / transmission*

Grants and funding

This study was financed as part of a Concerted Research Action (Geconcerteerde Onderzoeksacties) (GOA) of the University of Antwerp. Support from the IAP Research Network P7/06 of the Belgian State (Belgian Science Policy) is gratefully acknowledged. LW is supported by an interdisciplinary PhD grant of the Special Research Fund (Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds [BOF]) of the University of Antwerp. NG is beneficiary of a postdoctoral grant from the AXA Research Fund. NH gratefully acknowledges support from the University of Antwerp scientific chair in Evidence-Based Vaccinology, financed in 2009–2014 by a gift from Pfizer. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.