Oral food challenges are the gold-standard diagnostic investigation for diagnosing food allergy. They allow a subject to consume an age-appropriate portion of allergenic food under surveillance to assess whether a reproducible immune-mediated adverse response is demonstrated. The specific design of food challenge must closely reflect the anticipated management step being considered. In clinical practice, food challenges are most commonly used to investigate the subject's status of allergy or tolerance to a food. However, other characteristics of food allergy are increasingly being investigated through recent studies. In particular, studies investigating food allergy prevention strategies, the impact of oral immunotherapy on subjects' threshold for allergic reactions and also their potential acquisition of long-term tolerance each utilize differing designs of oral food challenges to investigate their specific hypothesis. We examine how oral food challenges may be designed to assess specific characteristics of the food allergic response.