Long-term effect of a low-intensity smoking intervention embedded in an adherence program for patients with hypercholesterolemia: Randomized controlled trial

Abstract

Objective: We evaluated the long-term effect of a smoking intervention embedded in an adherence program in patients with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease.

Method: Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial: In 2002-2004, 8108 patients with hypercholesterolemia were enrolled from general practices in Germany. Patients received a 12-month adherence program and statin medication (intervention) or statin medication only (control). The program aimed to improve adherence to medication and lifestyle by educational material, mailings, and phone calls. Smoking was self-reported at baseline and every 6months during the 3-year follow-up.

Results: In total, 7640 patients were analyzed. At baseline, smoking prevalence was 21.7% in the intervention and 21.5% in the control group. Prevalence decreased in both groups to 16.6% vs. 19.5%, 15.3% vs. 16.8%, and 14.2% vs. 15.6% at the 12-, 24-, and 36-month follow-up. The intervention had a beneficial effect on smoking differing over time (group×time: P=0.005). The effect was largest after 6 and 12months [odds ratios (95% confidence intervals): 0.67 (0.54-0.82) and 0.63 (0.51-0.78)]. The effect decreased until the 18-month follow-up [0.72 (0.58-0.90)] and was not significant after 24months.

Conclusion: A low-intensity smoking intervention embedded in an adherence program can contribute to smoking cessation although the intervention effect diminished over time.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (www.clinicaltrials.gov): NCT00379249.

Keywords: Cardiovascular risk factors; Health promotion; Hypercholesterolemia; Multiple risk factor intervention; Randomized controlled trial; Smoking; Smoking cessation.