Rapid and sensitive detection of biomarkers with ultralow concentrations remains a great challenge in disease diagnostics. Herein, we present a label-free α-hemolysin (α-HL) nanopore proximity bioassay for protein biomarker detection by a binding-induced DNA strand displacement strategy. In this bioassay, an individual target protein, platelet-derived growth factor B-chain (PDGF-BB), was selectively recognized by two oligonucleotide affinity ligands in which an output DNA was released and translocated through α-HL nanopore with a spikelike short current block. The frequency of the current block events had a linear relationship with the concentration of PDGF-BB with a wide linear dynamic range of 5 orders of magnitude and a detection limit at 500 fM. The selectivity and anti-interference capability of this bioassay show great potential for biomarker detection in bioanalytical chemistry.