Ocular histoplasmosis syndrome

Rocio I Diaz; Eric J Sigler; Mohammad R Rafieetary; Jorge I Calzada

doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2015.02.005

Ocular histoplasmosis syndrome

Surv Ophthalmol. 2015 Jul-Aug;60(4):279-95. doi: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2015.02.005. Epub 2015 Mar 5.

Authors

Rocio I Diaz¹, Eric J Sigler², Mohammad R Rafieetary³, Jorge I Calzada⁴

Affiliations

¹ Department of Vitreoretinal Surgery, Charles Retina Institute, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. Electronic address: rdiaz@charles-retina.com.
² Department of Vitreoretinal Surgery, Charles Retina Institute, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; Division of Retina and Vitreous, Ophthalmic Consultants of Long Island, Lynbrook, New York, USA.
³ Department of Vitreoretinal Surgery, Charles Retina Institute, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
⁴ Department of Vitreoretinal Surgery, Charles Retina Institute, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.

PMID: 25841248
DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2015.02.005

Abstract

Ocular histoplasmosis syndrome (OHS) is a chorioretinal disorder with a distinct fundus appearance that is commonly found in regions endemic for Histoplasma capsulatum. Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) secondary to OHS is considered one of the principal causes of central vision loss among young adults in endemic areas. Although there is no consensus regarding its pathogenesis, evidence points to Histoplasma capsulatum as the most probable etiology. Once considered an intractable hemorrhagic maculopathy, CNVs are now treatable. Extrafoveal CNVs are successfully treated with laser photocoagulation. Subfoveal and juxtafoveal CNVs are managed with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy, photodynamic therapy, or a combination of both. Modern imaging technologies such as spectral-domain optical coherence tomography have improved our diagnostic abilities, making it easier to monitor disease activity and CNV regression. We review the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, differential diagnosis, and current treatment of this disease.

Keywords: Histoplasma capsulatum; anti-VEGF; bevacizumab; histoplasmosis; ocular histoplasmosis syndrome; photocoagulation; photodynamic therapy; presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome; ranibizumab; submacular surgery.

Publication types

Review

MeSH terms

Animals
Choroid Diseases* / diagnosis
Choroid Diseases* / epidemiology
Choroid Diseases* / microbiology
Choroid Diseases* / therapy
Disease Models, Animal
Eye Infections, Fungal* / diagnosis
Eye Infections, Fungal* / epidemiology
Eye Infections, Fungal* / microbiology
Eye Infections, Fungal* / therapy
Histoplasmosis* / diagnosis
Histoplasmosis* / epidemiology
Histoplasmosis* / microbiology
Histoplasmosis* / therapy
Humans
Retinal Diseases* / diagnosis
Retinal Diseases* / epidemiology
Retinal Diseases* / microbiology
Retinal Diseases* / therapy