For around four decades, vaccines of different kinds have been developed to treat different types of cancer. However, promising results encountered in the early phase contrasted with the results recorded in clinical studies. Recent discoveries in the vaccine field, adjuvants and delivery systems, and antigen presentation have lead to new patented approaches. The current review is focused on general description of peptide vaccines involving cancer antigen presentation, specific immune response, cell death dependent pathways, and target therapy for modified or mutated oncogenes. A rapid evolving research in the area may evolve in fruitful outcomes in the near future.