The transcription factor Nrf2 controls the expression of genes encoding cytoprotective enzymes and proteins. Its activation is related to conformational changes in the inhibitory protein Keap1 and/or Nrf2 phosphorylation by upstream kinases. Activation of Nrf2 can lead to the induction of phase II enzymes responsible for the inactivation of potential carcinogens. This may constitute an important strategy of chemoprevention. Moreover, these enzymatic systems participating in the biotransformation of drugs can reduce their therapeutic effects, contributing to drug resistance. For this reason, a clear understanding of the role of Nrf2 is essential to assess the beneficial and adverse effects of its up-regulation, particularly in relation to the prevention and treatment of cancer. This article summarizes the current state of knowledge on the significance of Nrf2 in tumorigenesis.