Perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in Swedish food: The relative importance of direct and indirect dietary exposure

Wouter A Gebbink; Anders Glynn; Per Ola Darnerud; Urs Berger

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2014.12.022

Perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in Swedish food: The relative importance of direct and indirect dietary exposure

Environ Pollut. 2015 Mar:198:108-15. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.12.022. Epub 2015 Jan 12.

Authors

Wouter A Gebbink¹, Anders Glynn², Per Ola Darnerud², Urs Berger³

Affiliations

¹ Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, SE 10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: wouter.gebbink@itm.su.se.
² Department of Risk and Benefit Assessment, National Food Agency, SE 75126 Uppsala, Sweden.
³ Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, SE 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.

PMID: 25590128
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.12.022

Abstract

We analyzed food market basket samples obtained in Sweden from 1999, 2005, and 2010 for perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and a range of precursor compounds. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) precursors were detected in all food year pools with the highest concentrations in 1999. Six polyfluoroalkyl phosphate diesters (diPAPs, 4:2/6:2, 6:2/6:2, 6:2/8:2, 8:2/8:2, 6:2/10:2, and 10:2/10:2) were detected in the year pools with the highest ∑diPAP concentrations in 1999 and 2005. All precursors were predominantly found in meat, fish, and/or eggs based on analysis of individual food groups from 1999. Based on year pools, PFOS precursors contributed between 4 and 1% as an indirect source to total dietary PFOS intakes between 1999 and 2010. Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) exposure originated entirely from diPAPs, whereas for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), diPAPs contributed between 1 and 19% to total exposure. The lowest precursor contributions were generally seen in food samples from 2010.

Keywords: Dietary exposure; PAPs; Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs); Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs); Precursors; Temporal changes.

Publication types

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

Alkanesulfonic Acids / analysis
Animals
Caproates / analysis
Caprylates / analysis
Decanoic Acids / analysis
Diet / statistics & numerical data*
Environmental Exposure / statistics & numerical data*
Environmental Pollutants / analysis*
Environmental Pollution / statistics & numerical data*
Fishes
Fluorocarbons / analysis*
Food Contamination / analysis*
Food Contamination / statistics & numerical data
Sweden

Substances

Alkanesulfonic Acids
Caproates
Caprylates
Decanoic Acids
Environmental Pollutants
Fluorocarbons
perfluorodecanoic acid
perfluorooctanoic acid
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid
perfluorohexanoic acid