[Cardiac auscultation in children]

Recenti Prog Med. 2014 Dec;105(12):469-72. doi: 10.1701/1706.18620.
[Article in Italian]

Abstract

Cardiac auscultation permits to distinguish between the innocent heart murmurs and pathologic murmurs; characteristics of pathologic murmurs include a holosystolic or diastolic murmur, maximal murmur intensity at the upper left sternal border and increased intensity when the patient stands. Murmurs should be described by their timing in the cardiac cycle, intensity, shape, pitch, location, radiation, and response to dynamic maneuvers. When the medical history and physical examination support the diagnosis of innocent heart murmur, neither further investigation nor referal is indicated. On the contrary, echocardiography is recommended for patients with any other abnormal physical examination findings that increase the likelihood of structural heart disease. In this review we discuss the definition and classification of murmurs, how to evaluate it.

Publication types

  • English Abstract
  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Child
  • Echocardiography
  • Heart Auscultation / methods*
  • Heart Murmurs / diagnosis*
  • Heart Murmurs / physiopathology
  • Humans
  • Systolic Murmurs / diagnosis*
  • Systolic Murmurs / physiopathology