To investigate the incidence and high-risk factors of fetal growth restriction (FGR) in Mainland China and determine the adverse effects of this condition on fetal-neonatal health. This study was a retrospective chart review. We investigated the incidence rate of FGR using a retrospective analysis of clinical data obtained from mothers and newborns from 7 hospitals in Mainland China from January 1 to December 31, 2011. The short-term outcomes of FGR were analyzed based on data obtained from the neonatal intensive-care unit (NICU) of Bayi Children's Hospital. The long-term outcomes of FGR were determined after a follow-up study of 125 cases of FGR in children at 18 months. The physical development index, mental development index (MDI), and psychomotor development index (PDI) were compared between FGR patients and controls. The incidence of FGR was 8.77%. The incidence of FGR was significantly higher in females than in males (9.80% vs 7.84%, P < 0.05). The incidence of FGR in preterm infants was higher than that in full-term infants (16.43% vs 7.87%, P < 0.01). Chronic hypertension, abnormal amniotic fluid, and umbilical cord abnormalities were independent factors of FGR. A significantly higher incidence of complications, including hypoglycemia, asphyxia, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, gastrointestinal bleeding, congenital malformations, polycythemia, lung hemorrhage, apnea, congenital heart disease, and disseminated intravascular coagulation, was observed in FGR patients than in controls. The FGR prolonged the duration of the hospital stay and markedly increased hospitalization expenses (P < 0.05). Children with FGR showed catch-up growth, which reached the level of the control group after 1.5 years, but these individuals still had lower MDI and PDI scores. The incidence rate of FGR in Mainland China was 8.77%. It has a significantly adverse effect on fetal-neonatal health and cognitive development.