Eigenstate thermalization and representative states on subsystems

Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys. 2014 Nov;90(5-1):052133. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.90.052133. Epub 2014 Nov 17.

Abstract

We consider a quantum system A∪B made up of degrees of freedom that can be partitioned into spatially disjoint regions A and B. When the full system is in a pure state in which regions A and B are entangled, the quantum mechanics of region A described without reference to its complement is traditionally assumed to require a reduced density matrix on A. While this is certainly true as an exact matter, we argue that under many interesting circumstances expectation values of typical operators anywhere inside A can be computed from a suitable pure state on A alone, with a controlled error. We use insights from quantum statistical mechanics-specifically the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH)-to argue for the existence of such "representative states."