Within the framework of generalized Lorenz-Mie theory, scattering from a homogeneous spheroidal particle illuminated by an on-axis zero-order Bessel beam is formulated analytically, with special attention paid to the investigation of internal and near-surface fields. Numerical results concerning the spatial distributions of internal and near-surface fields are presented for various parameter values, such as the half-cone angle of the incident zero-order Bessel beam, the major axis, the minor axis, and the refractive index of the spheroid. The study of internal and near-surface field distributions will contribute to the understanding of Bessel beam scattering by nonspherical particles with sizes close to the incident wavelength.