Mapping end-stage renal disease (ESRD): spatial variations on small area level in northern France, and association with deprivation

PLoS One. 2014 Nov 3;9(11):e110132. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110132. eCollection 2014.

Abstract

Background: Strong geographic variations in the incidence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are observed in developed countries. The reasons for these variations are unknown. They may reflect regional inequalities in the population's sociodemographic characteristics, related diseases, or medical practice patterns. In France, at the district level, the highest incidence rates have been found in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region. This area, with a high population density and homogeneous healthcare provision, represents a geographic situation which is quite suitable for the study, over small areas, of spatial disparities in the incidence of ESRD, together with their correlation with a deprivation index and other risk factors.

Methods: The Renal Epidemiology and Information Network is a national registry, which lists all ESRD patients in France. All cases included in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais registry between 2005 and 2011 were extracted. Adjusted and smoothed standardized incidence ratio (SIR) was calculated for each of the 170 cantons, thanks to a hierarchical Bayesian model. The correlation between ESRD incidence and deprivation was assessed using the quintiles of Townsend index. Relative risk (RR) and credible intervals (CI) were estimated for each quintile.

Results: Significant spatial disparities in ESRD incidence were found within the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region. The sex- and age-adjusted, smoothed SIRs varied from 0.66 to 1.64. Although no correlation is found with diabetic or vascular nephropathy, the smoothed SIRs are correlated with the Townsend index (RR: 1.18, 95% CI [1.00-1.34] for Q2; 1.28, 95% CI [1.11-1.47] for Q3; 1.30, 95% CI [1.14-1.51] for Q4; 1.44, 95% CI [1.32-1.74] for Q5).

Conclusion: For the first time at this aggregation level in France, this study reveals significant geographic differences in ESRD incidence. Unlike the time of renal replacement care, deprivation is certainly a determinant in this phenomenon. This association is probably independent of the patients' financial ability to gain access to healthcare.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Adolescent
  • Adult
  • Aged
  • Aged, 80 and over
  • Child
  • Child, Preschool
  • Female
  • France / epidemiology
  • Humans
  • Incidence
  • Infant
  • Infant, Newborn
  • Kidney Failure, Chronic / epidemiology*
  • Male
  • Middle Aged
  • Registries
  • Risk Factors
  • Spatial Analysis
  • Topography, Medical
  • Young Adult

Grants and funding

This work was supported by Agence de Biomédecine, Renal Epidemiology and Information Network (www.soc-nephrologie.org/REIN/); Conseil Régional Nord, Pas de Calais, DRESTIC (www.nordpasdecalais.fr/jcms/c_5001/accueil); and Université Lille 2 Droit et Santé, ED446 (http://edbsl.univ-lille2.fr/). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.