A review of responsive MRI contrast agents: 2005-2014

Dina V Hingorani; Adam S Bernstein; Mark D Pagel

doi:10.1002/cmmi.1629

A review of responsive MRI contrast agents: 2005-2014

Contrast Media Mol Imaging. 2015 Jul-Aug;10(4):245-65. doi: 10.1002/cmmi.1629. Epub 2014 Oct 29.

Authors

Dina V Hingorani¹, Adam S Bernstein², Mark D Pagel^{1

2

3

4}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, USA.
² Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, USA.
³ Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, USA.
⁴ University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, USA.

Abstract

This review focuses on MRI contrast agents that are responsive to a change in a physiological biomarker. The response mechanisms are dependent on six physicochemical characteristics, including the accessibility of water to the agent, tumbling time, proton exchange rate, electron spin state, MR frequency or superparamagnetism of the agent. These characteristics can be affected by changes in concentrations or activities of enzymes, proteins, nucleic acids, metabolites, or metal ions, or changes in redox state, pH, temperature, or light. A total of 117 examples are presented, including ones that employ nuclei other than (1) H, which attests to the creativity of multidisciplinary research efforts to develop responsive MRI contrast agents.

Keywords: CEST agents; MRI contrast agents; MRS agents; T1 agents; T2* agents; hyperpolarized agents; responsive agents.

Publication types

Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Review

MeSH terms

Contrast Media / chemistry*
Contrast Media / therapeutic use*
Humans
Magnetic Resonance Imaging / methods*

Substances

Contrast Media

Abstract

Publication types

MeSH terms

Substances

Grants and funding