Purpose: Invasive Meningococcal Disease (IMD) is three fold more common in New Caledonia (NC) than in metropolitan France and many IMD cases (35.7%) are due to Y and W135 serogroups. The purpose of our study was to identify IMD risk factors in NC.
Methods: A retrospective study of all IMD cases that occurred in NC between 2005 and 2011 was conducted. Socio-environmental, clinical and biological data were collected. A search for immune deficiency was proposed to all cases. IMD presentation and outcome were compared according to meningoccal serogroups and the complement deficiency status (C-deficiency).
Results: Sixty-six sporadic IMD cases (29 B serogroup, 20 Y or W135, 6 C, 1 A, 10 unknown) occurred in 64 patients often <24 years-old and of Melanesian origin. Five patients died (7.8%). No socio-environmental risk factors were identified. No asplenia, HIV infection or immunoglobulin deficiencies were found. Two patients had diabetes and 28 of 53 (52.8%) patients had C-deficiency including 20 (71.4%) cases of late complement component deficiency. Patients with C-deficiency were mainly Melanesian (92.8%) originating from the Loyalty Islands (62.1%). They were mostly infected with Y/W135 (42.9%) or B serogroups (32.1%). They often developed later and more severe disease than patients without C-deficiency (need for intensive cares in 60% versus 28.0% of cases, p = 0.01).
Conclusions: A high prevalence of C-deficiency in the Melanesian population may explain epidemiological and clinical features of IMD in NC. Our results imply an adaptation of meningococcal vaccine strategies in NC.
Keywords: Complement deficiency; melanesian population; meningococcal disease; risk factors.