Background: Although a blood analog of aqueous glycerol and xanthan gum was found to replicate the viscoelastic behavior of blood, measurements were restricted to laminar flow.
Objective: To expand the characterization of a non-Newtonian blood analog of aqueous glycerol and xanthan gum to transitional Reynolds numbers to quantify its behavior as a function of both natural and shear-layer-induced mechanisms.
Methods: A Newtonian analog and a shear-thinning aqueous glycerol, xanthan gum solution were circulated through an in vitro flow loop replicating both a straight and obstructed artery where transition was initiated through natural and shear-layer-induced mechanisms respectively. Steady and pulsatile pressure drop measurements for both fluids were acquired across a range of Reynolds numbers up to 7600 and Womersley numbers of 4 and 6.
Results: In steady and pulsatile straight flow, the non-Newtonian analog presented with reduced pressure drops and prolonged laminar flow to Reynolds numbers of 3200 and 3800 respectively. Upon blockage inclusion, non-Newtonian minor losses were comparable to Newtonian in steady flow and greater in pulsatile flow suggesting an elongation of downstream non-Newtonian recirculation. Although non-Newtonian total system pressure drops in both straight and obstructed flows were lower, the ratio of pressure drop difference between the two fluids decreased through shear-layer-induced transition.
Conclusions: These findings not only demonstrated the suitability of using a xanthan gum analog to model blood flow in transitional regimes, but also presented the respective differences in analog behavior as a function of transition mechanism.
Keywords: Blood analog fluids; natural transition; shear-layer-induced transition; viscoelastic fluids.