Flavonoid-enriched apple fraction AF4 induces cell cycle arrest, DNA topoisomerase II inhibition, and apoptosis in human liver cancer HepG2 cells

Nutr Cancer. 2014;66(7):1237-46. doi: 10.1080/01635581.2014.951733. Epub 2014 Sep 25.

Abstract

Apples are a major source of dietary phytochemicals such as flavonoids in the Western diet. Here we report anticancer properties and possible mechanism of action of apple flavonoid-enriched fraction (AF4) isolated from the peels of Northern Spy apples in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells, HepG2. Treatment with AF4 induced cell growth inhibition in HepG2 cells in time- and dose-dependent manner. Concentration of 50 μg/ml (50 μg total monomeric polyphenols/ml) AF4 was sufficient to induce a significant reduction in cell viability within 6 h of treatment (92%, P < 0.05) but had very low toxicity (minimum 4% to maximum 16%) on primary liver and lung cells, which was significantly lower than currently prescribed chemotherapy drug Sorafenib (minimum 29% to maximum 49%, P < 0.05). AF4 induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells within 6 h of treatment via activation of caspase-3. Cell cycle analysis via flow-cytometer showed that AF4 induced G2/M phase arrest. Further, results showed that AF4 acts as a strong DNA topoisomerase II catalytic inhibitor, which may be a plausible reason to drive the cells to apoptosis. Overall, our data suggests that AF4 possesses a significantly stronger antiproliferative and specific action than Sorafenib in vitro and is a potential natural chemotherapy agent for treatment of liver cancer.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Antineoplastic Agents / pharmacology
  • Apoptosis / drug effects*
  • Caspase 3 / genetics
  • Caspase 3 / metabolism
  • Cell Cycle Checkpoints / drug effects*
  • Cell Proliferation / drug effects
  • Cell Survival / drug effects
  • DNA Fragmentation / drug effects
  • DNA Topoisomerases, Type II / metabolism*
  • Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
  • Flavonoids / pharmacology*
  • Hep G2 Cells
  • Humans
  • Liver Neoplasms / pathology
  • Malus / chemistry*
  • Niacinamide / analogs & derivatives
  • Niacinamide / pharmacology
  • Phenylurea Compounds / pharmacology
  • Sorafenib
  • Topoisomerase II Inhibitors / pharmacology*

Substances

  • Antineoplastic Agents
  • Flavonoids
  • Phenylurea Compounds
  • Topoisomerase II Inhibitors
  • Niacinamide
  • Sorafenib
  • CASP3 protein, human
  • Caspase 3
  • DNA Topoisomerases, Type II