Muscarinic agonists are the most commonly used agents for treating the underactive bladder (UAB). However, because of the absence of pharmacologic specificity for bladder-only effects and possibly as a result of degenerative and other post-synaptic changes involving detrusor smooth muscle cells, they are simply not effective and side effects are common. If safe and effective therapy for UAB is made available, then most experts agree that the potential market would exceed industry expectations, just as antimuscarinic agents for overactive bladder did in the late 1990 s. The pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries that have a pipeline to urology and women's health should consider UAB as a potential target condition. A rational approach to treating the pathology of UAB is presented with a discussion of potential targets that may allow the development of safe and effective agents for the treatment of UAB.