Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the cellular compartment where secreted and integral membrane proteins are folded and matured. The accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins triggers a stress that is physiologically controlled by an adaptative protective response called Unfolded Protein Response (UPR). UPR is primordial to induce a quality control response and to restore ER homeostasis. When this adaptative response is defective, protein aggregates overwhelm cells and affect, among other mechanisms, synaptic function, signaling transduction and cell survival. Such dysfunction likely contributes to several neurodegenerative diseases that are indeed characterized by exacerbated protein aggregation, protein folding impairment, increased ER stress and UPR activation. This review briefly documents various aspects of the biology of the transcription factor XBP-1 (X-box Binding Protein-1) and summarizes recent findings concerning its putative contribution to the altered UPR response observed in various neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases.