Decompensation of the corneal endothelium causes severe visual impairments that lead to blindness. Although corneal transplantation is a well-known effective therapy for corneal endothelial dysfunction, many patients are not afforded that therapeutic opportunity owing to the worldwide shortage of donor corneas. Thus, a tissue engineering-based therapy for treating corneal endothelial dysfunction is highly anticipated. Obstacles associated with the development of tissue engineering therapy include in vitro culture of corneal endothelial cells (CECs) and the techniques used to transplant those cells. Limited proliferation ability, cellular senescence, and fibroblastic transformation during culture are all problems associated with the cultivation of CECs. In addition, transplantation of cultured CECs is technically difficult because the corneal endothelium is composed of a fragile monolayer sheet of cells located at the posterior cornea. In this review article, we present our recent findings using a novel cell culture protocol and show that modulation of CEC adhesion properties through a Rho-kinase inhibitor enables transplantation of CECs in the form of a cell suspension without the use of a carrier. Finally, we provide an update on the clinical application status of a cell-based therapy for treating corneal endothelial dysfunction.