Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroimmunological disorder characterized by central nervous system demyelination, axonal injury and loss. Considering the complexity of its aetiopathogenesis, early diagnosis of MS and individualized management are challenging in clinical practice. As the pathophysiologic and pharmacological indicators, studies on biomarkers in MS are useful for early prediction and diagnosis, monitoring of disease activity and predicting treatment response. In this review, we will summarize recent development of biomarker studies in MS from protein molecules to noncoding RNAs.