Anticipating the fate and impact of organic environmental contaminants: a new approach applied to the pharmaceutical furosemide

Abstract

The presence of trace levels of organic contaminants in the environment is currently an environmental concern. When these contaminants are subjected to environmental transformations, environmental transformation products (ETPs) are obtained, whose structures often remain unknown. The absence of information concerning these new compounds makes them unavailable and consequently makes their environmental detection as well as their (eco)toxicological study impossible. This report describes a multidisciplinary approach that seeks to both anticipate the fate and evaluate the impact of organic environmental contaminants. Our approach consists of three steps. First, isolated and fully characterized transformation products (TPs) of the parent molecule are obtained. In the second step, the parent molecule is subjected to environmentally relevant transformations to identify plausible ETPs. The detection of previously characterized TPs allows the concomitant identification of plausible ETPs. The third step is devoted to the toxicological evaluation of the identified plausible ETPs. Such an approach has recently been applied to furosemide and has allowed the identification of its main TPs. This report now seeks to identify and evaluate toxicologically plausible ETPs of this drug, which is also known as an environmental contaminant.

Keywords: Bioconversion; Electro-Fenton; Furosemide; Toxicity.