Association between urinary cadmium levels and prediabetes in the NHANES 2005-2010 population

Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2014 Nov;217(8):854-60. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2014.06.005. Epub 2014 Jun 20.

Abstract

Evidence suggests an association between exposure to cadmium and dysglycemia. To investigate this matter, we examined the relationship between urinary cadmium and prediabetes in the cross sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). NHANES participants for the years 2005 through 2010 aged ≥ 40 years were included in the analysis. Participants with nephropathy, overt diabetes, or missing required data were excluded. To assess the non-linear relationship between cadmium and Prediabetes, non-parametric logistic regression with B spline expansion of urinary cadmium/creatinine ratio was performed. This analysis revealed a complex non-linear association between higher cadmium levels and prediabetes. This relationship persisted, though with varying magnitudes across smoking groups (never smokers, moderate smokers, heavy smokers). In a conventional logistic regression analysis, this relationship was less evident with significantly increased OR for prediabetes was found in the highest quintile of urine cadmium compared to the lowest quintile in the overall population and in moderate smokers. In an age stratified analysis, a significant linear association was found only in the age groups 60-69 and ≥ 70. We conclude that there is a significant non-linear, complex relationship between urinary Cd levels, age, smoking habits and odds of prediabetes.

Keywords: Cadmium; Diabetes mellitus; NHANES; Prediabetes.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

MeSH terms

  • Age Factors
  • Aged
  • Blood Glucose / metabolism
  • Cadmium / adverse effects*
  • Cadmium / urine
  • Cross-Sectional Studies
  • Environmental Exposure / adverse effects*
  • Environmental Exposure / analysis
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Insulin Resistance
  • Logistic Models
  • Male
  • Middle Aged
  • Nutrition Surveys
  • Odds Ratio
  • Prediabetic State / etiology*
  • Prediabetic State / urine
  • Smoking / adverse effects

Substances

  • Blood Glucose
  • Cadmium