Perioperative management of bariatric surgery patients

Abstract

Purpose: The perioperative management of bariatric surgery patients is described.

Summary: Obesity and anatomical changes create unique challenges for clinicians when caring for bariatric surgery patients. Common bariatric surgery procedures performed include Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy, and adjustable gastric banding. Pain management in the acute postoperative period depends on careful dosing of opioid agents and the use of adjunctive agents. Prevention and management of infectious complications include appropriate surgical prophylaxis, monitoring and rapid treatment of suspected intra-abdominal infections, and detection and treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis and treatment are complicated by obesity, and the use of pharmacologic agents must be balanced with bleeding risk. Bleeding is a serious complication that should be closely monitored in the immediate postoperative period. Blood products remain first-line therapy for the treatment of bleeding in this population. Acute differences in drug absorption as well as emerging hormonal changes necessitate the immediate postoperative adjustment of chronic medications to ensure both safety and efficacy. Pharmacists are valuable members of interprofessional teams for bariatric surgery patients because they provide expertise on the availability of dosage forms and dosage modification to ensure that patient pharmacotherapy is not interrupted; assist in the management of hypertension, diabetes, and psychotropic medications; and ensure appropriate antimicrobial prophylaxis and VTE prophylaxis and treatment dosages.

Conclusion: The management of patients in the perioperative period of bariatric surgery requires appropriate selection and dosing of medications for pain management and treatment of infectious complications, VTE, bleeding, and other chronic diseases.