Ecomorphological variation of the wireworm cephalic capsule: studying the interaction of environment and geometric shape

PLoS One. 2014 Jul 8;9(7):e102059. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102059. eCollection 2014.

Abstract

Studying the association between organismal morphology and environmental conditions has been very useful to test hypothesis regarding the influence of climate on shape. It has been long recognized that different environments produce dissimilar stress levels in insects, which can be reflected on the ability of an individual to overcome these pressures and spread further. Agriotes (Coleoptera: Elateridae) species infest agricultural fields in different parts of Croatia, inhabiting different climatic conditions. Previous biological studies have indicated that there is a relationship between some Agriotes biological parameters such as density and climatic conditions such as soil moisture and temperature. However, it is still unknown how these environmental properties influence the wireworm morphological structure. This is highly relevant because the head of this species is directly involved in the mobility in the soil, thus affecting the invasive capacity of this insect. Therefore the aim of this study was to assess the association between different climatic conditions and the morphological variation of Agriotes cephalic capsule. Advanced multivariate analysis and geometric morphometric tool were applied to study the covariation between shape and environmental variables. Partial Least Squares methods were used in order to analyse the association between the wireworm head shape and three different climatic conditions: soil type, temperature and rainfall. Our results showed that there is a high covariation between the wireworm head shape and the climatic conditions. It was suggested that the observed shape-environment association could be result of the high plasticity of this species in relation to its invasive capacity.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Climate
  • Coleoptera / anatomy & histology*
  • Croatia
  • Head / anatomy & histology
  • Larva / anatomy & histology

Grants and funding

This research was supported by the Ministry of Science, Education and Sports of the Republic of Croatia by project: “The spatial distribution of economically important pests with the use of GIS” (178-1782066-2065). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.