Two-dimensional (2D) layered nanostructure composites are promising candidates for conducting high-performance energy conversion and environmental remediation. The construction of 2D layered composite photocatalysts can generate many unique properties that do not exist in other kinds of semiconductor composite photocatalyst, which are beneficial for photocatalytic performance enhancement, band gap tuning, heterojunction formation, etc. Recently, these advantages have greatly stimulated the study of 2D layered composite photocatalysts in the field of photocatalysis. This feature article summarizes the recent developments of 2D layered composite photocatalysts for photocatalytic applications, such as photocatalytic hydrogen production, bacterial disinfection, and pollutant degradation. Finally, perspectives on the challenges and opportunities for the future exploration of 2D layered composite photocatalysts are put forward.