Calcium hydroxide was originally introduced to the field of endodontics by Herman in 1920 as a pulp-capping agent. Sealers play an important role in sealing the root canal system with the entombment of remaining microorganisms and filling inaccessible areas of prepared canals. This article reviews sealing ability, biocompatibility, antibacterial activity, solubility, and toxicity of calcium hydroxide based root canal sealers.