Plenty of different studies are dedicated to consciousness recovery problem, such as neuroanatomical, neurophysiological, neuropsychiatric, neurosurgical, neurological points of view. However, neurotransmitter dysfunction is one of the main difficulties for consciousness and other neurological functions recovery after brain trauma. There are a lot of pharmacological agents modulating brain neurotransmitter activity, but no one precise clinical indication. So, the neurotransmitter mechanisms of consciousness recovery in patients with brain pathologies are very actual for studying with updating methods. This review concerns to the current understanding of unconsciousness, neuroanatomical and neurotransmitter bases of the last one.