Identification of incident CKD stage 3 in research studies

Abstract

Background: In epidemiologic research, incident chronic kidney disease (CKD) commonly is determined by laboratory tests performed at planned study visits. Given the morbidity and mortality associated with CKD, persons with incident disease may be less likely to attend scheduled visits, affecting observed associations. The objective of this study was to quantify loss to follow-up by CKD status and determine whether supplementation with diagnostic code data improves capture of incident CKD.

Study design: Prospective cohort study.

Setting & participants: 11,560 participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study underwent continuous surveillance for hospitalizations and death from baseline visit (1996-1999) to follow-up visit (2011-2013). A subset of hospitalizations in Washington County, MD, was used in diagnostic code validation (n=2,540).

Predictor: Baseline demographics and comorbid conditions.

Outcomes: Incident CKD stage 3 ascertained by follow-up visit (visit-based definition) or hospitalization surveillance (hospitalization-based definition).

Measurements: Visit-based definition: ≥25% decline from baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate to <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 at follow-up visit; hospitalization-based definition: hospitalization CKD diagnostic code.

Results: Of 11,560 participants, 5,951 attended the follow-up visit and 9,264 were hospitalized. Never-hospitalized participants were younger, more often female, and had fewer comorbid conditions; 73.5% attended the follow-up visit. Incident CKD stage 3 occurred in 1,172 participants by the visit-based definition (251 were never hospitalized) and 1,078 participants by the hospitalization-based definition (237 attended the follow-up study visit). Sensitivity of the hospitalization-based CKD definition was 35.5% (95% CI, 31.6%-39.7%); specificity was 95.7% (95% CI, 94.2%-96.8%). Sensitivity was higher with later time period, older participant age, and baseline prevalent diabetes and CKD.

Limitations: A subset of hospitalizations was used for validation; 15-year gap between study visits.

Conclusions: The sensitivity of diagnostic code-identified CKD is low and varies by certain factors; however, supplementing a visit-based definition with hospitalization information can increase disease identification during periods of follow-up without study visits.

Keywords: CKD surveillance; Chronic kidney disease (CKD); administrative data; diagnostic codes; identification; incident; loss to follow-up; screening; validation.