N(6)-isopentenyladenosine (i(6)A), a naturally occurring modified nucleoside, inhibits the proliferation of human tumor cell lines in vitro, but its mechanism of action remains unclear. Treatment of MCF7 human breast adenocarcinoma cells with i(6)A or with three synthetic analogs (allyl(6)A, benzyl(6)A, and butyl(6)A) inhibited growth and altered gene expression. About 60% of the genes that were differentially expressed in response to i(6)A treatment were also modulated by the analogs, and pathway enrichment analysis identified the NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response as being significantly modulated by all four compounds. Luciferase reporter gene assays in transfected MCF7 cells confirmed that i(6)A activates the transcription factor NRF2. Assays for cellular production of reactive oxygen species indicated that i(6)A and analogs had antioxidant effects, reducing basal levels and inhibiting the H2O2- or 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced production in MCF7 or dHL-60 (HL-60 cells induced to differentiate along the neutrophilic lineage) cell lines, respectively. In vivo, topical application of i(6)A or benzyl(6)A to mouse ears prior to TPA stimulation lessened the inflammatory response and significantly reduced the number of infiltrating neutrophils. These results suggest that i(6)A and analogs trigger a cellular response against oxidative stress and open the possibility of i(6)A and benzyl(6)A being used as topical anti-inflammatory drugs.
Keywords: Anti-inflammatory drug; Gene expression; Modified nucleosides; Pathway analysis; Reactive oxygen species; allyl6A, N6-allyladenosine; benzyl6A, N6-benzyladenosine; butyl6A, N6-butyladenosine; i6A, N6-isopentenyladenosine.