Introduction: Gorlin syndrome (GS) is a disorder transmitted by dominant autosomal inheritance associated to mutations in PTCH1, the main characteristic of which is the appearance of basal cell carcinomas, together with skeletal abnormalities, odontogenic keratocysts and intracranial tumours.
Case report: A girl aged 3 years and 10 months, who was admitted due to acute ataxia. Some of the more striking features in the patient's personal history include psychomotor retardation and a family history of suspected GS in the mother as a result of a maxillary cyst. An examination revealed macrocephaly with a prominent forehead and hypertelorism, as well as nevus. A genetic study for GS was requested, in which mutation c.930delC was detected in exon 6 of the PTCH1 gene in heterozygosis.
Conclusions: In GS there is an increase in the likelihood of developing basal cell carcinomas and strict dermatological monitoring is necessary. A clinical neurological follow-up and also magnetic resonance imaging scans are needed for an early diagnosis of intracranial tumours, especially in the case of medulloblastomas. Odontogenic keratocysts, other skin disorders, and cardiac and ovarian fibromas are characteristic, as are skeletal abnormalities, which require regular clinical and neuroimaging controls and treatment if needed, but radiation must be avoided. GS is a rare disorder, but it must be suspected in the presence of characteristic alterations. It requires a multidisciplinary follow-up, and it is also necessary to establish a protocol on how to act so as to allow early diagnosis and treatment of the potentially severe complications deriving from this disease.
Title: Sindrome de Gorlin en la edad pediatrica.
Introduccion. El sindrome de Gorlin (SG) es un trastorno de herencia autosomica dominante asociado a mutaciones en el gen PTCH1, cuya principal caracteristica es la aparicion de carcinomas basocelulares, unido a anomalias esqueleticas, queratoquistes odontogenicos y tumores intracraneales. Caso clinico. Niña de 3 años y 10 meses, ingresada por ataxia aguda. Destacan como antecedentes personales retraso psicomotor y como antecedentes familiares la sospecha de SG en la madre por quiste maxilar. En la exploracion, se aprecia macrocefalia con frente prominente e hipertelorismo, asi como nevo. Se solicita estudio genetico de SG, en el que se detecta la mutacion c.930delC en el exon 6 del gen PTCH1 en heterocigosis. Conclusiones. En el SG hay un aumento de la susceptibilidad al desarrollo de carcinomas basocelulares y es preciso un estrecho control dermatologico. Es necesario un seguimiento neurologico clinico y de imagen, mediante resonancia magnetica, para el diagnostico precoz de tumores intracraneales, fundamentalmente el meduloblastoma. Tambien son caracteristicos los queratoquistes odontogenicos, otras alteraciones cutaneas, fibromas cardiacos y ovaricos, asi como anomalias esqueleticas, que precisan controles clinicos y de imagen periodicos, y tratamiento en caso de ser necesarios, pero debe evitarse la radiacion. El SG es un trastorno poco frecuente, que se debe sospechar ante la presencia de alteraciones caracteristicas. Es necesario un seguimiento multidisciplinar, asi como establecer un protocolo de actuacion, para un temprano diagnostico y tratamiento de las complicaciones potencialmente graves derivadas de esta enfermedad.