Background: Intraoperative application of tomographic imaging techniques provides a means of visual servoing for objects beneath the surface of organs.
Methods: The focus of this survey is on therapeutic and diagnostic medical applications where tomographic imaging is used in visual servoing. To this end, a comprehensive search of the electronic databases was completed for the period 2000-2013.
Results: Existing techniques and products are categorized and studied, based on the imaging modality and their medical applications. This part complements Part I of the survey, which covers visual servoing techniques using endoscopic imaging and direct vision.
Conclusion: The main challenges in using visual servoing based on tomographic images have been identified. 'Supervised automation of medical robotics' is found to be a major trend in this field and ultrasound is the most commonly used tomographic modality for visual servoing.
Keywords: X-ray fluoroscopy; computed tomography; image-based tracking; magnetic resonance imaging; medical imaging; medical robotics; minimally invasive therapy; tomographic imaging; ultrasound; visual servoing.
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.