The effects of sleep restriction on executive inhibitory control and affect in young adults

Abstract

Purpose: Young adults regularly experience restricted sleep due to a range of social, educational, and vocational commitments. Evidence suggests that extended periods of sleep deprivation negatively impact affective and inhibitory control mechanisms leading to behavioral consequences such as increased emotional reactivity and impulsive behavior. It is less clear whether acute periods of restricted sleep produce the same behavioral consequences.

Methods: Nineteen young adults (m = 8 and f = 12) with habitual late bedtime (after 22:30 h) and wake time (after 06:30 h) completed a range of objective and subjective measures assessing sleepiness (psychomotor vigilance task and Karolinska sleepiness scale), inhibitory control (emotional go/no-go task and a balloon analog risk task), and affect (positive and negative affective schedule). Testing was counterbalanced across participants and occurred on two occasions once following restricted sleep and once following habitual sleep 1 week apart.

Results: Compared with habitual sleep, sleep restriction produced significantly slower performance on the psychomotor vigilance task and higher subjective ratings of sleepiness on the Karolinska sleepiness scale. Sleep restriction also caused a significant decrease in positive affect but no change in negative affect on the affective schedule. Inhibitory control efficiency was significantly differentiated, with participants showing an increase in risk taking on the balloon analog risk task, but there was no evidence of increased reactivity to negative stimuli on the emotional go/no-go task.

Conclusions: Results suggest that even acute periods of sleep loss may cause deficits in affective experiences and increase impulsive and potentially high-risk behavior in young adults.

Keywords: Emotions; Impulsive behavior; Risk taking; Sleep deprivation.