Vitamin D was lately introduced as the important anti-cancer agent with therapeutic potential to be used in prevention and therapy of malignant tumors. Head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer in the world. Prognosis of this cancer is in most patients poor. In attempts to improve therapy of this cancer, contemporary research is focused on extension of the etiological and pathobiological aspects of cancerogenesis of HNSCC. This fact provoked us to summarize present scientific knowledge about etiopathological, chemopreventive and therapeutic role of vitamin D in head and neck squamous cancer and outline the direction of further research in this interesting and from clinical point of view important field. Key words: head and neck squamous cell carcinoma - anti-tumor effect - vitamin D.