pH and glutathion (GSH)- responsive nanogels (NGs) based on poly-N-isopropylacrilamide (NIPA), N-hydroxyethyl acrylamide (HEAA) and tert-butyl 2-acrylamidoethyl carbamate (2AAECM) were synthesized by a microemulsion polymerization method using N, N'-cystaminebisacrylamide (CBA) as a crosslinking agent and evaluated for passive targeting of paclitaxel (PTX). Physicochemical characterizations of unloaded and PTX-loaded NGs, such as particle size, morphology, encapsulation efficiency and in vitro PTX release were also assessed. Electron microscopy techniques (SEM and TEM) as well as dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis showed nanosized spherical hydrogels. FTIR spectra confirmed the synthesis of nanogels by free radical polymerization among vinyl groups of monomers. In vitro release was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and differences between two NG formulations were obtained. Nanogels released almost 64% of PTX after 50h at GSH concentrations equivalent to that in the cellular cytosol, whereas less PTX was released from NGs at pH and GSH levels similar to plasma. Cellular uptake and cytotoxicity were also demonstrated by using coumarin-6 and MTT assays, respectively, for three tumor cell lines (MCF7, HeLa and T47D). Cellular uptake assays revealed rapid uptake within 2h and intracellular accumulation of coumarin-6-loaded nanogels after 48 h incubation. MTT assays showed changes in cell viability at different concentrations of PTX formulations, as well as pure PTX (10 μM, 20 μM and 30 μM). To investigate PTX effect on cell viability, changes in cell cycle were examined by flow cytometry and a G2/M cell arrest was demonstrated. Overall, synthesized nanogels may be used as potential carriers for hydrophobic anticancer drugs.
Keywords: Cancer cells; Drug release; Nanohydrogels; Paclitaxel; Passive targeting; Stimuli-responsive.
Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.