Multiple sclerosis (MS) is considered a heterogeneous disease with respect to disease progression and treatment response, which have both remained highly unpredictable. With an increasing number of available disease modifying therapies, strategies for treatment allocation in the individual patient or subgroup of patients has become more important. Therefore biomarkers, which will identify subgroups of MS patients and predict treatment response early in the course of the disease, are urgently needed. Here we review current and emerging biomarkers, as well as study concepts for identification of new biomarkers in MS.