[Frontal variant of Alzheimer's disease. Two pathologically confirmed cases and a literature review]

Rev Neurol. 2013 Dec 16;57(12):542-8.
[Article in Spanish]

Abstract

Introduction: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most frequent degenerative dementia in our setting. In most patients the initial manifestations of the disease consist in a selective and progressive compromise of memory. Yet, it is not a homogeneous process and in some cases the mode of presentation can be atypical. The presentation of AD in the form of an early disorder affecting personality, behaviour and the executive functions has been called the frontal variant of AD. In our case, its definitive diagnosis was only possible by means of a histological analysis, given the fact that the applicable clinical criteria were then insufficient to reach a diagnosis of this atypical form of AD.

Case reports: We report the cases of two patients, one female and one male aged 60 and 52 respectively, who presented a progressive picture of cognitive impairment with initial involvement of the executive functions and personality changes, together with mood disorders. As a result, the initial diagnosis was one of probable frontotemporal dementia. However, in both cases, the autopsy revealed data consistent with a diagnosis of AD, with a distribution of the pathology that essentially affected the frontal lobes.

Conclusions: AD has a heterogeneous form of presentation, which can give rise to errors in its initial diagnosis, since current clinical criteria do not take this clinical variability sufficiently into account. We therefore consider it important to pay attention to the atypical forms of AD with the aim of developing new diagnostic methods that allow AD to be distinguished from other degenerative processes.

Title: Variante frontal de la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Dos casos confirmados anatomopatologicamente y revision de la bibliografia.

Introduccion. La enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) es la causa mas frecuente de demencia en nuestro medio. En la mayoria de los pacientes, las manifestaciones iniciales consisten en una afectacion selectiva y progresiva de la memoria. Sin embargo, no se trata de un proceso homogeneo y, en algunos casos, el modo de presentacion puede ser atipico. La presentacion de la EA en forma de alteracion precoz de la personalidad, el comportamiento y las funciones ejecutivas se ha denominado variante frontal de la EA. En nuestro caso, su diagnostico definitivo solo fue posible mediante el estudio histologico, pues los criterios clinicos vigentes resultaron entonces insuficientes para el diagnostico de esta forma atipica de la EA. Casos clinicos. Dos pacientes, una mujer y un hombre de 60 y 52 años respectivamente, presentaron un cuadro progresivo de deterioro cognitivo con afectacion inicial de las funciones ejecutivas y cambio de personalidad, junto con alteraciones del estado de animo, por lo que se realizo el diagnostico inicial de probable demencia frontotemporal. No obstante, en ambos casos, la autopsia revelo datos compatibles con el diagnostico de EA, con una distribucion de la patologia que afectaba fundamentalmente a los lobulos frontales. Conclusiones. La EA tiene una forma heterogenea de presentacion, lo que puede originar errores en su diagnostico inicial, dado que los criterios clinicos actuales no recogen de modo suficiente esta variabilidad clinica. Por ello, consideramos importante prestar atencion a las formas atipicas de la EA con el objeto de desarrollar nuevos metodos diagnosticos que permitan diferenciar la EA del resto de procesos degenerativos.

Publication types

  • Case Reports
  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Activities of Daily Living
  • Adjustment Disorders / diagnosis
  • Alzheimer Disease / classification
  • Alzheimer Disease / complications
  • Alzheimer Disease / diagnosis
  • Alzheimer Disease / pathology*
  • Anxiety / etiology
  • Aphasia / etiology
  • Depression / etiology
  • Diagnosis, Differential
  • Disease Progression
  • Executive Function
  • Female
  • Frontal Lobe / chemistry
  • Frontal Lobe / diagnostic imaging
  • Frontal Lobe / pathology
  • Frontal Lobe / physiopathology*
  • Frontotemporal Dementia / diagnosis
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Middle Aged
  • Multimodal Imaging
  • Neuroimaging
  • Radionuclide Imaging
  • Symptom Assessment