Evidence of unique and generalist microbes in distantly related sympatric intertidal marine sponges (Porifera: Demospongiae)

PLoS One. 2013 Nov 12;8(11):e80653. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080653. eCollection 2013.

Abstract

The diversity and specificity of microbial communities in marine environments is a key aspect of the ecology and evolution of both the eukaryotic hosts and their associated prokaryotes. Marine sponges harbor phylogenetically diverse and complex microbial lineages. Here, we investigated the sponge bacterial community and distribution patterns of microbes in three sympatric intertidal marine demosponges, Hymeniacidon perlevis, Ophlitaspongia papilla and Polymastia penicillus, from the Atlantic coast of Portugal using classical isolation techniques and 16S rRNA gene clone libraries. Microbial composition assessment, with nearly full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences (ca. 1400 bp) from the isolates (n = 31) and partial sequences (ca. 280 bp) from clone libraries (n = 349), revealed diverse bacterial communities and other sponge-associated microbes. The majority of the bacterial isolates were members of the order Vibrionales and other symbiotic bacteria like Pseudovibrio ascidiaceiocola, Roseobacter sp., Hahellaceae sp. and Cobetia sp. Extended analyses using ecological metrics comprising 142 OTUs supported the clear differentiation of bacterial community profiles among the sponge hosts and their ambient seawater. Phylogenetic analyses were insightful in defining clades representing shared bacterial communities, particularly between H. perlevis and the geographically distantly-related H. heliophila, but also among other sponges. Furthermore, we also observed three distinct and unique bacterial groups, Betaproteobactria (~81%), Spirochaetes (~7%) and Chloroflexi (~3%), which are strictly maintained in low-microbial-abundance host species O. papilla and P. penicillus. Our study revealed the largely generalist nature of microbial associations among these co-occurring intertidal marine sponges.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Bacteria / classification*
  • Bacteria / genetics*
  • Biodiversity
  • Microbiota*
  • Molecular Sequence Data
  • Phylogeny
  • Phylogeography
  • Porifera / microbiology*
  • Portugal
  • RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
  • Seawater / microbiology
  • Sympatry*

Substances

  • RNA, Ribosomal, 16S

Associated data

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Grants and funding

Anoop Alex was supported by the PhD grant SFRH/BD/62356/2009 from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT). This work was partially supported by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the COMPETE - Operational Competitiveness Program and national funds through FCT under the projects PEst-C/MAR/LA0015/2013, PTDC/AAC-AMB/104983/2008 (FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-008610), PTDC/AAC-CLI/116122/2009 (FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-014029), and PTDC/MAR/099642/2008. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.